Recover Formatted Deleted Data from your hard disk , USB , memory card

Recently I  unknowingly formatted my internal hard disk of laptop , about 500 GB of data lost . I got panic and i searched the ways to recover my data and i found a way using a opensource software called TestDisk , and its working , here is the step by step method

Requirements : Live bootable ubuntu or Linux Mint , i used Linux mint

install the test disk by

$sudo apt-get install testdisk

on terminal


after installing testdisk

go for recovery

1.open terminal
2. $sudo testdisk

3.

Log creation

• Choose Create to instruct Testdisk to create a log file containing technical information and messages, unless you have a reason to append data to the logor you execute TestDisk from read only media and must create the log elsewhere.
• Choose None if you do not want messages and details of the process to be written into a log file (useful if for example Testdisk was started from a read-only location).
• Press Enter to proceed.

4. 

Disk selection

select the hard disk or device to recovered

• Use up/down arrow keys to select your hard drive with the lost partition/s.
• Press Enter to Proceed.

5. 

Partition table type selection

• Select the partition table type - usually the default value is the correct one as TestDisk auto-detects the partition table type.
• Press Enter to Proceed.

6.

Current partition table status

• Use the default menu "Analyse" to check your current partition structure and search for lost partitions.
• Confirm at Analyse with Enter to proceed.

he first partition is listed twice which points to a corrupted partition or an invalid partition table entry.
Invalid NTFS boot points to a faulty NTFS boot sector, so it's a corrupted filesystem.
Only one logical partition (label Partition 2) is available in the extended partition. One logical partition is missing.

• Confirm at Quick Search to proceed.

Quick Search for partitions

• Confirm according to your OS and created partitions to proceed.

7.

Save the partition table or search for more partitions?

http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk_Step_By_Step

http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk

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Best Custom Rom for Galaxy Tab 2 7.0 P3100 with SlimBean (build 6) JB 4.2.2 Custom ROM

The Slim Bean platform is already available for the Samsung Galaxy S2, Galaxy S3 and even for the Galaxy S4, so you have nothing to worry about; those who have already tried the custom Jelly Bean 4.2.2 ROM had declared that the system is stable and is smoothly running on their devices. Therefore, if you want to power up the performances of your Tab 2 7.0 and improve the Android user experience that runs on the same, apply this tutorial and flash the SlimBean OS.The firmware is coming with the latest features available for the Android platform (some of the apps and capabilities are extra ones – cannot be found in the default version of the Jelly Bean software) and it is also based on stock JB ROM. So, installing Slim Bean firmware on the Galaxy Tab 2 7.0 P3100 is a must have, especially if you are looking into obtaining more power from your Android based tablet

1. Download the firmware file and save the same on your computer.
2. The download link is here.
3. Don’t unzip the update file.
4. Take the USB cable and by using the same connect your tablet with the computer.
5. Select the downloaded file and copy-paste it from your PC to your handset.
6. Disconnect the devices by unplugging the USB cord.
7. Turn off your Tab 2.
8. Reboot into recovery mode.
9. Note: the recovery mode can be entered by pressing on Power, Volume UP and Home buttons at the same time.
10. From the recovery menu select “wipe data factory reset” and “wipe cache partition”.
11. Return by selecting “+++go back+++”.
12. Select “install zip from SD card” followed by “choose zip from SD card”.
13. Pick the Slim Bean ROM file from your tablet.
14. Start the flashing procedure.
15. Wait while the update is being applied.
16. In the end, from recovery select “+++go back+++” followed by “reboot system now”.
17. Note: if the first boot takes longer than usual, don’t panic there is nothing wrong with your handset.
18. Note 2: if your tablet will get stuck in a boot loop, reboot into recovery and wipe the system once more.
19. Note 3: if you don’t like the new software then reboot into recovery and choose to restore the previous OS – only if you had applied a Nandroid backup first.

So, that was all; now you know how to update your Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 7.0 to custom Android 4.2.2 Jelly Bean OS with the SlimBean ROM. Test the firmware and the new features and apps and then return here and share your experience with us and with the other users who might want to install the software on their tablets.

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Path Delay Calculation in Wireless Sensor Networks using Matlab

Delay Measurement Time Synchronization 

For Wireless Sensor Networks 

A synchronized network time is essential for energy efficient scheduling, data fusion, localization and many other wireless sensor networks (WSN) applications. This paper studies the special issue of time synchronization in tiny sensor networking devices and presents a Delay Measurement Time Synchronization (DMTS) technique applicable for both single hop and multi-hop wireless sensor networks. DMTS is flexible and lightweight. For a single hop WSN of n nodes, it takes only one time broadcast to synchronize the network regardless the  value of n. As aresult it adds minimum network traffic and is energy efficient, because radio communication is a significant source of energy-consumption in a WSN. For a multi-hop WSN of n nodes, DMTS requires n time message exchanges in total in order to synchronize the whole network. 

DMTS is implemented in Berkeley motes within Tiny OS framework. It is a service available 

to TinyOS applications. Our test results show that DMTS achieves a time synchronization 

accuracy of 1 clock tick in single-hop WSNs. For a 2 hop WSN, the average time 

synchronization error is approximately 1.5 clock ticks. 

DMTS scheme is currently used in several applications running on Berkeley motes to provide 

network timestamps and global scheduling

Algorithm

1. deploy uniform random node distribution

i. unknown positions of sensor nodes

(for GSP or RSP strategy)

(or)

ii. known positions of sensor nodes

(for ISP, GASP or MonteCarlo strategy)

calculate candidate locations

2. iteration:

i. place sensor nodes

ii. place sink strategy

iii. connect all nodes

iv. check connectivity of network

v. choose the nearest sink

vi. calculate the maximum delay

3. repeat 2 according to the sink placement strategy

4. select the locations with minimum worst-case delay

######################################################################

A = [   0 5.518 0 0 0 8.276 13.794 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;

        4.622 0 4.622 0 0 0 13.865 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;

        0 1.241 0 3.724 0 0 7.448 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;

        0 0 1.442 0 2.883 0 5.766 0 4.325 0 0 0 0 0;

        0 0 0 3.068 0 1.524 6.136 4.602 0 0 0 0 0 0;

        1.616 0 0 0 4.848 0 9.696 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;

        6.350 6.350 6.350 6.350 6.350 6.350 2.540 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.859;

        0 0 0 0 1.260 0 0 0 2.520 0 0 0 3.779 5.039;

        0 0 0 1.274 0 0 0 2.549 0 3.823 0 0 0 5.097;

        0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.646 0 2.469 0 0 1.646;

        0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.877 0 2.503 0 1.252;

        0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.390 0 1.792 1.195;

        0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.195 0 0 0 1.793 0 4.780;

        0 0 0 0 0 0 4.252 4.252 4.252 6.378 7.654 7.654 6.378 1.701;

    ];

L = [];

U = [];

S = [20 20 30 30 30 30  60 30 30 20 20 20 20 60];

for i = 1:14

    s=0;

    u=0;

    k=0;

    for j = 1:14

        s = s + A(j,i);

        if(A(i,j)~=0)

            u = u + S(j);

        end

    end

    L = [L,s];

    U = [U,u];

end

E = [];

for i = 1:14

    s = L(i)/(U(i)-L(i));

    E = [E,s];

end

P = [];

n = input('No. of nodes in path : ');

for i = 1:n

    k = input('Node : ');

    P = [P,k];

end

delay = 0;

for i = 1:n

    delay = delay + E(P(i));

end

#####################################################################

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Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR)

Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The protocol is an optimization of the classical link state algorithm tailored to the requirements of a mobile wireless LAN. The key concept used in the protocol is that of multipoint relays (MPRs). MPRs are selected nodes which forward broadcast messages during the flooding process. This technique substantially reduces the message overhead as compared to a classical flooding mechanism, where every node retransmits each message when it receives the first copy of the message. In OLSR, link state information is generated only by nodes elected as MPRs. Thus, a second optimization is achieved by minimizing the number of control messages flooded in the network. As a third optimization, an MPR node may choose to report only links between itself and its MPR selectors. Hence, as contrary to the classic link state algorithm, partial link state information is distributed in the network. Thisinformation is then used for route calculation. OLSR provides optimal routes (in terms of number of hops). The protocol is particularly suitable for large and dense networks as the technique of MPRs works well in this contex

Download from this link 

Full paper Download 

SAMPLE PROGRAM 

# ======================================================================

# Define options

# ======================================================================

set opt(chan)           Channel/WirelessChannel  ;# channel type

#set opt(prop)           Propagation/TwoRayGround   ;# radio-propagation model

set opt(prop)           Propagation/Shadowing   ;# radio-propagation model

set opt(netif)          Phy/WirelessPhy          ;# network interface type

set opt(mac)            Mac/802_11               ;# MAC type

set opt(ifq)            Queue/DropTail/PriQueue  ;# interface queue type

set opt(ll)             LL                       ;# link layer type

set opt(ant)            Antenna/OmniAntenna      ;# antenna model

set opt(ifqlen)         50                       ;# max packet in ifq

set opt(nn)             11                       ;# number of mobilenodes

set opt(adhocRouting)   OLSR                 ;# routing protocol

set opt(cp)             ""                       ;# connection pattern file

set opt(sc)             ""                       ;# node movement file.

set opt(x)              1000                     ;# x coordinate of topology

set opt(y)              1000                     ;# y coordinate of topology

set opt(seed) X

set opt(stop)           50                       ;# time to stop simulation

set opt(cbr-start)      5.0

set opt(cbr-stop)       45.0

set opt(pa-start)       7.0

set opt(pa-stop)        37.0

set opt(pa1-start)      9.0

set opt(pa1-stop)       39.0

# ============================================================================

#

# check for random seed

#

if {$opt(seed) > 0} {

    puts "Seeding Random number generator with $opt(seed)\n"

    ns-random $opt(seed)

}

#Ganho das antenas

Antenna/OmniAntenna set Gt_ 18.0

Antenna/OmniAntenna set Gr_ 18.0

Phy/WirelessPhy set bandwidth_ 11Mb

# frequencia (2.4 GHz 802.11b) {Alcance = 276 metros}

Phy/WirelessPhy set freq_ 2.4e+9

Mac/802_11 set dataRate_ 11Mb

Mac/802_11 set basicRate_ 2Mb

Propagation/Shadowing set pathlossExp_ 2.7       ;#expoente de perdas

Propagation/Shadowing set std_db_ 4.0           ;#desvio padrao (dB)

#Propagation/TwoRayGround set L_ 1.0

#

# create simulator instance

#

set ns_ [new Simulator]

#

# control OLSR behaviour from this script -

# commented lines are not needed because

# those are default values

#

Agent/OLSR set use_mac_              true

Agent/OLSR set debug_                true

Agent/OLSR set willingness           3

Agent/OLSR set hello_ival_           2

Agent/OLSR set tc_ival_              5

Agent/OLSR set mpr_algorithm_        1

Agent/OLSR set routing_algorithm_    1

Agent/OLSR set link_quality_         1

Agent/OLSR set fish_eye_             false

Agent/OLSR set link_delay_           false

Agent/OLSR set tc_redundancy_        1

Agent/OLSR set c_alpha_              0.6

#

# open traces

#

$ns_ use-newtrace

set tracefd  [open wtrace.tr w]

set namtrace [open simulation.nam w]

$ns_ trace-all $tracefd

$ns_ namtrace-all-wireless $namtrace $opt(x) $opt(y)

#

# create topography object

#

set topo [new Topography]

#

# define topology

#

$topo load_flatgrid $opt(x) $opt(y)

#

# create God

#

create-god $opt(nn)

#

# configure mobile nodes

#

$ns_ node-config -adhocRouting $opt(adhocRouting) \

                 -llType $opt(ll) \

                 -macType $opt(mac) \

                 -ifqType $opt(ifq) \

                 -ifqLen $opt(ifqlen) \

                 -antType $opt(ant) \

                 -propType $opt(prop) \

                 -phyType $opt(netif) \

                 -channelType $opt(chan) \

                 -topoInstance $topo \

                 -wiredRouting OFF \

                 -agentTrace ON \

                 -routerTrace ON \

                 -macTrace OFF

for {set i 1} {$i < $opt(nn)} {incr i} {

    set node_($i) [$ns_ node]

}

#

# positions

$node_(1) set X_ 160.0  #CAPACIT

$node_(1) set Y_ 485.0

$node_(1) set Z_ 15.0

$node_(2) set X_ 305.0  #DI

$node_(2) set Y_ 277.0

$node_(2) set Z_ 15.0

$node_(3) set X_ 340.0   #SECOM

$node_(3) set Y_ 226.0

$node_(3) set Z_ 15.0

$node_(4) set X_ 270.0  #Grad Basico

$node_(4) set Y_ 32.0

$node_(4) set Z_ 15.0

$node_(5) set X_ 476.0  #Reitoria

$node_(5) set Y_ 200.0

$node_(5) set Z_ 15.0

$node_(6) set X_ 628.0  #Incubadora

$node_(6) set Y_ 320.0

$node_(6) set Z_ 15.0

$node_(7) set X_ 570.0  #Musica

$node_(7) set Y_ 440.0

$node_(7) set Z_ 15.0

$node_(8) set X_ 780.0  #LABS

$node_(8) set Y_ 480.0

$node_(8) set Z_ 15.0

$node_(9) set X_ 918.0  #CT

$node_(9) set Y_ 597.0

$node_(9) set Z_ 15.0

$node_(10) set X_ 968.0  #Grad Profissional

$node_(10) set Y_ 550.0

$node_(10) set Z_ 15.0

# cores

$ns_ color 1 red

$ns_ color 2 blue

$ns_ color 3 yellow

# setup UDP connection

# CAPACIT -> GRAD PROFISSIONAL

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

$udp set class_ 1

set null [new Agent/Null]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(1) $udp

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(10) $null

$ns_ connect $udp $null

$udp set fid_ 1

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr set packetSize_ 40     # RTP + UDP + Payload

$cbr set rate_ 8Kb

$cbr attach-agent $udp

$ns_ at 5.0 "$cbr start"

$ns_ at 45.0  "$cbr stop"

#GRAD PROFISSIONAL -> CAPACIT

set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]

$udp1 set class_ 2

set null1 [new Agent/Null]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(10) $udp1

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(1) $null1

$ns_ connect $udp1 $null1

$udp1 set fid_ 2

set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr1 set packetSize_ 40     # RTP + UDP + Payload

$cbr1 set rate_ 8Kb

$cbr1 attach-agent $udp1

$ns_ at 5.0 "$cbr1 start"

$ns_ at 45.0  "$cbr1 stop"

#REITORIA -> CAPACIT

set udp2 [new Agent/UDP]

$udp2 set class_ 3

set null2 [new Agent/Null]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(5) $udp2

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(1) $null2

$ns_ connect $udp2 $null2

$udp2 set fid_ 3

set cbr2 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr2 set packetSize_ 40     # RTP + UDP + Payload

$cbr2 set rate_ 8Kb

$cbr2 attach-agent $udp2

$ns_ at 7.0 "$cbr2 start"

$ns_ at 45.0  "$cbr2 stop"

#CAPACIT -> REITORIA

set udp3 [new Agent/UDP]

$udp3 set class_ 4

set null3 [new Agent/Null]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(1) $udp3

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(5) $null3

$ns_ connect $udp3 $null3

$udp3 set fid_ 4

set cbr3 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr3 set packetSize_ 40     # RTP + UDP + Payload

$cbr3 set rate_ 8Kb

$cbr3 attach-agent $udp3

$ns_ at 7.0 "$cbr3 start"

$ns_ at 45.0  "$cbr3 stop"

#REITORIA -> CT

set udp4 [new Agent/UDP]

$udp4 set class_ 5

set null4 [new Agent/Null]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(5) $udp4

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(9) $null4

$ns_ connect $udp4 $null4

$udp4 set fid_ 5

set cbr4 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr4 set packetSize_ 40     # RTP + UDP + Payload

$cbr4 set rate_ 8Kb

$cbr4 attach-agent $udp4

$ns_ at 9.0 "$cbr4 start"

$ns_ at 45.0  "$cbr4 stop"

#CT -> REITORIA

set udp5 [new Agent/UDP]

$udp5 set class_ 6

set null5 [new Agent/Null]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(9) $udp5

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(5) $null5

$ns_ connect $udp5 $null5

$udp5 set fid_ 6

set cbr5 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr5 set packetSize_ 40     # RTP + UDP + Payload

$cbr5 set rate_ 8Kb

$cbr5 attach-agent $udp5

$ns_ at 9.0 "$cbr5 start"

$ns_ at 45.0  "$cbr5 stop"

#DI -> CT

set udp6 [new Agent/UDP]

$udp6 set class_ 7

set null6 [new Agent/Null]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(2) $udp6

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(9) $null6

$ns_ connect $udp6 $null6

$udp6 set fid_ 7

set cbr6 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr6 set packetSize_ 40     # RTP + UDP + Payload

$cbr6 set rate_ 8Kb

$cbr6 attach-agent $udp6

$ns_ at 11.0 "$cbr6 start"

$ns_ at 45.0  "$cbr6 stop"

#CT -> DI

set udp7 [new Agent/UDP]

$udp7 set class_ 8

set null7 [new Agent/Null]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(9) $udp7

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(2) $null7

$ns_ connect $udp7 $null7

$udp7 set fid_ 8

set cbr7 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr7 set packetSize_ 40     # RTP + UDP + Payload

$cbr7 set rate_ 8Kb

$cbr7 attach-agent $udp7

$ns_ at 11.0 "$cbr7 start"

$ns_ at 45.0  "$cbr7 stop"

#SECOM -> LABS

set udp8 [new Agent/UDP]

$udp8 set class_ 9

set null8 [new Agent/Null]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(3) $udp8

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(8) $null8

$ns_ connect $udp8 $null8

$udp8 set fid_ 9

set cbr8 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr8 set packetSize_ 40     # RTP + UDP + Payload

$cbr8 set rate_ 8Kb

$cbr8 attach-agent $udp8

$ns_ at 13.0 "$cbr8 start"

$ns_ at 45.0  "$cbr8 stop"

#LABS -> SECOM

set udp9 [new Agent/UDP]

$udp9 set class_ 10

set null9 [new Agent/Null]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(8) $udp9

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(3) $null9

$ns_ connect $udp9 $null9

$udp9 set fid_ 10

set cbr9 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr9 set packetSize_ 40     # RTP + UDP + Payload

$cbr9 set rate_ 8Kb

$cbr9 attach-agent $udp9

$ns_ at 13.0 "$cbr9 start"

$ns_ at 45.0  "$cbr9 stop"

#DI -> SECOM

set udp10 [new Agent/UDP]

$udp10 set class_ 11

set null10 [new Agent/Null]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(2) $udp10

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(3) $null10

$ns_ connect $udp10 $null10

$udp10 set fid_ 11

set cbr10 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr10 set packetSize_ 40     # RTP + UDP + Payload

$cbr10 set rate_ 8Kb

$cbr10 attach-agent $udp10

$ns_ at 15.0 "$cbr10 start"

$ns_ at 45.0  "$cbr10 stop"

#SECOM -> DI

set udp11 [new Agent/UDP]

$udp11 set class_ 12

set null11 [new Agent/Null]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(3) $udp11

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(2) $null11

$ns_ connect $udp11 $null11

$udp11 set fid_ 12

set cbr11 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr11 set packetSize_ 40     # RTP + UDP + Payload

$cbr11 set rate_ 8Kb

$cbr11 attach-agent $udp11

$ns_ at 15.0 "$cbr11 start"

$ns_ at 45.0  "$cbr11 stop"

#

# configurando trafego de background - pareto

#

# DI -> LABS

set tcp [new Agent/TCP]

$tcp set class_ 13

set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(2) $tcp

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(8) $sink

$ns_ connect $tcp $sink

$tcp set fid_ 13

set p [new Application/Traffic/Pareto]

$p set packetSize_ 210

$p set burst_time_ 500ms

$p set idle_time_ 500ms

$p set rate_ 200k

$p set shape_ 1.5

$p attach-agent $tcp

$ns_ at 6.0 "$p start"

$ns_ at 35.0  "$p stop"

# GRAD BASICO -> CT

set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP]

$tcp1 set class_ 14

set sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(4) $tcp1

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(9) $sink1

$ns_ connect $tcp1 $sink1

$tcp1 set fid_ 14

set p1 [new Application/Traffic/Pareto]

$p1 set packetSize_ 210

$p1 set burst_time_ 500ms

$p1 set idle_time_ 500ms

$p1 set rate_ 200k

$p1 set shape_ 1.5

$p1 attach-agent $tcp1

$ns_ at 8.0 "$p1 start"

$ns_ at 35.0  "$p1 stop"

#SECOM -> GRAD PROFISSIONAL

set tcp2 [new Agent/TCP]

$tcp2 set class_ 15

set sink2 [new Agent/TCPSink]

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(3) $tcp2

$ns_ attach-agent $node_(10) $sink2

$ns_ connect $tcp2 $sink2

$tcp2 set fid_ 15

set p2 [new Application/Traffic/Pareto]

$p2 set packetSize_ 210

$p2 set burst_time_ 500ms

$p2 set idle_time_ 500ms

$p2 set rate_ 200k

$p2 set shape_ 1.5

$p2 attach-agent $tcp2

$ns_ at 10.0 "$p2 start"

$ns_ at 35.0  "$p2 stop"

## Label the Special Node in NAM

$ns_ at 0.0 "$node_(1) label CAPACIT"

$ns_ at 0.0 "$node_(2) label Dep_Informatica"

$ns_ at 0.0 "$node_(3) label SECOM"

$ns_ at 0.0 "$node_(4) label Grad_Basico"

$ns_ at 0.0 "$node_(5) label Reitoria"

$ns_ at 0.0 "$node_(6) label Incubadora"

$ns_ at 0.0 "$node_(7) label Musica"

$ns_ at 0.0 "$node_(8) label Laboratorios"

$ns_ at 0.0 "$node_(9) label Centro_Tec"

$ns_ at 0.0 "$node_(10) label Grad_Profissional"

#

# print (in the trace file) routing table and other

# internal data structures on a per-node basis

#

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(1) agent 255] print_rtable"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(2) agent 255] print_rtable"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(3) agent 255] print_rtable"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(4) agent 255] print_rtable"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(5) agent 255] print_rtable"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(6) agent 255] print_rtable"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(7) agent 255] print_rtable"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(8) agent 255] print_rtable"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(9) agent 255] print_rtable"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(10) agent 255] print_rtable"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(1) agent 255] print_linkset"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(1) agent 255] print_nbset"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(1) agent 255] print_nb2hopset"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(1) agent 255] print_mprset"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(1) agent 255] print_mprselset"

#$ns_ at 5.0 "[$node_(1) agent 255] print_topologyset"

#

# source connection-pattern and node-movement scripts

#

if { $opt(cp) == "" } {

    puts "*** NOTE: no connection pattern specified."

    set opt(cp) "none"

} else {

    puts "Loading connection pattern..."

    source $opt(cp)

}

if { $opt(sc) == "" } {

    puts "*** NOTE: no scenario file specified."

    set opt(sc) "none"

} else {

    puts "Loading scenario file..."

    source $opt(sc)

    puts "Load complete..."

}

#

# define initial node position in nam

#

for {set i 1} {$i < $opt(nn)} {incr i} {

    $ns_ initial_node_pos $node_($i) 20

}

#

# tell all nodes when the simulation ends

#

for {set i 1} {$i < $opt(nn) } {incr i} {

    $ns_ at $opt(stop).0 "$node_($i) reset";

}

$ns_ at $opt(stop).0002 "puts \"NS EXITING...\" ; $ns_ halt"

$ns_ at $opt(stop).0001 "stop"

proc stop {} {

    global ns_ tracefd namtrace

    $ns_ flush-trace

    close $tracefd

    close $namtrace

}

#

# begin simulation

#

puts "Starting Simulation..."

$ns_ run

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A Rank Correlation Based Detection against Distributed Reflection DoS Attacks

DDoS presents a serious threat to the Internet since its inception, where lots of controlled hosts flood the victim site with massive packets. Moreover, in Distributed Reflection DoS (DRDoS), attackers fool innocent servers (reflectors) into flushing packets to the victim. But most of current DRDoS detection mechanisms are associated with specific protocols and cannot be used for unknown protocols. It is found that because of being stimulated by the same attacking flow, the responsive flows from reflectors have inherent relations: the packet rate of one converged responsive flow may have linear relationships with another. Based on this observation, the Rank Correlation based Detection (RCD) algorithm is proposed. The preliminary simulations indicate that RCD can differentiate reflection flows from legitimate ones efficiently and effectively, thus can be used as a useable indicator for DRDoS.

NS2 can be used to simulate a DDos attack. This is how you can detect DDos attack in NS2.

IDEA1

1. Create a topology. Depending on how many source input you want.

2. For the source node, set the bandwidth of normal traffic(the regular traffic) to constant.

3. To create the attack, generate many packets of CBR UDP randomly.


IDEA 2

1. create a topology make sure there are normal source and also source node for the attacker.

2. For normal source create normal traffic.

3. For attacker source create the randomly generated DDOS attack.

(the number of normal source node, and attacker node depend on your requirement)


By doing this, you will have a normal traffic and random generated traffic (the attack).

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Samsung Galaxy Grand Quartto GT I8552 - Review

All-around Power: It’s a Real Winner!

its the tagline by +Samsung USA  for the +Samsung Galaxy Grand  Quartto 

And the main four features they claiming are 

Powerful Performance

ㆍ11.9cms Large display is a great showcase, especially for photos and movies
ㆍ1.2GHz Quad-Core CPU offers advanced computing power to handle all your applications, multitasking and more

Enhanced photo-taking on the 5MP Camera

Enjoy features such as Continuous Shot, Best Photo, Colour Effect and Scene Mode for enhanced photo-taking on the 5MP Camera

Easy Mode

Easy Mode helps you access key functions such as favourite contacts, apps, dialer, etc on the homescreen with ease

Samsung’s Galaxy Grand has been very popular and possibly to cater to the segment comfortable with smaller screens, they have launched the Quattro

The review unit was white in colour and the back, while not a fingerprint magnet, feels slippery. This dual-SIM phone accepted only microSIMs. We were impressed with the 2-in-1 design of the SIM 1 and microSD card slot.

The phone’s rear snapper is fine for casual shots while the front VGA one is just about good for video calls. 

We can run many applications on same time because of the quad core processor 

Some guys are habitual of gaming and apps, larger Display and removable battery then you can purchase the Samsung Galaxy Quattro which has been prices of Rs 16,299.

Network/Bearer and Wireless Connectivity

2G	850/900/1,800/1,900MHz
3G	900/2,100MHz
Wi-Fi	802.11b/g/n 2.4GHz
Wi-Fi Direct	Yes
Bluetooth Profiles	A2DP, AVRCP, HFP, HSP, OPP, HID, PAN, MAP PBAP
PC Sync.	KIES, KIES Air (Samsung Apps)

OS

Android, 4.1

Display

technology	TFT
Size	11.9cm
Resolution	480 x 800 (WVGA)

Camera

Camera Resolution(Front)	VGA, CMOS
Camera Resolution(Rear)	5.0MP, CMOS
Flash	Flash-LED
Auto Focus	Support

Sensors

Accelerometer, Geo-magnetic, Proximity Sensor

Physical Specification

Dimension(HxWxD)	133.30 x 70.70 x 9.65mm
Weight	143.9g

Connectors

Earjack	3.5 pixels
External Memory Slot	MicroSD (up to 32GB)
SIM Support	Dual SIM

Battery

Standard Battery	2,000mAh
USB Chargeable	Yes
Talk Time(W-CDMA)	Up to 11 hours
Standby Time(W-CDMA)	Up to 210 hours

Location

A-GPS

Services and Applications

ActiveSync	Yes

Audio and Video

Video Format	3GP, AVI, mp4 wmv flv mkv WebM
Audio Format	AAC, AAC+, AMR-NB, AMR-WB, MIDI, MP3, OGG, WAV, WMA

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