Periodogram Using Python Script

Periodogram
• Periodogram is the correct name for the
following process*:

• FFT stands for “Fast Fourier Transform”
• The FFT algorithm that can be used to
compute the
part.
• A periodogram is formed after taking the
average magnitude squared of the FFT.

Periodogram: Simple Example

1.n = integer
2.N = array of numbers from 0 to 2^n
3.x = exp(j*2*pi*f*N) + white noise
4.pg = abs(FFT)^2 / n
5.pgs = 10*log10(pg)

•Calculates spectrum from Real/Imag
axis, starting at 0 and rotating counter-
clockwise to 2pi (one full revolution)

LIBs NEEDED

Python
matplotlib.pyplot
scipy
numpy

we can plot the periodagram using python using the following script

****************************************************

from pylab import *

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

n = 512
N = arange(0,n)
x = exp(2j*pi*0.1*N)+normal(0,0.01,n)
pg = abs(fft(x))**2/n
pgs = 10*log10(pg)
plt.plot(pgs)
plt.show()

**********************************************

Solving a Linear Systes of Equations Using python

Solving linear systems of equations is straightforward using the scipy command linalg.solve. This command expects an input matrix and a right-hand-side vector. The solution vector is then computed. An option for entering a symmetrix matrix is offered which can speed up the processing when applicable. As an example, suppose it is desired to solve the following simultaneous equations:

$\begin{eqnarray*} x+3y+5z & = & 10\\ 2x+5y+z & = & 8\\ 2x+3y+8z & = & 3\end{eqnarray*}$

We could find the solution vector using a matrix inverse:

$\left[\begin{array}{c} x\\ y\\ z\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 3 & 5\\ 2 & 5 & 1\\ 2 & 3 & 8\end{array}\right]^{-1}\left[\begin{array}{c} 10\\ 8\\ 3\end{array}\right]=\frac{1}{25}\left[\begin{array}{c} -232\\ 129\\ 19\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c} -9.28\\ 5.16\\ 0.76\end{array}\right].$

However, it is better to use the linalg.solve command which can be faster and more numerically stable. In this case it however gives the same answer as shown in the following example:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> from scipy import linalg
>>> A = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
>>> A
array([[1, 2],
      [3, 4]])
>>> b = np.array([[5],[6]])
>>> b
array([[5],
      [6]])
>>> linalg.inv(A).dot(b) #slow
array([[-4. ],
      [ 4.5]]
>>> A.dot(linalg.inv(A).dot(b))-b #check
array([[  8.88178420e-16],
      [  2.66453526e-15]])
>>> np.linalg.solve(A,b) #fast
array([[-4. ],
      [ 4.5]])
>>> A.dot(np.linalg.solve(A,b))-b #check
array([[ 0.],
      [ 0.]])

Android backup

If not enabled, enable developer mode by tapping Settings > About phone > Build number (7 times)
If not enabled, enable USB debugging in Settings > Developer options > USB debugging
Execute on your computer
```
adb backup -apk -shared -all
```

This should hopefully create backup.ab with all of your apps, OS, and data. Later, after reflashing with Android (or rooting / unlocking) you will be able to use

adb restore backup.ab

to restore all of your data.

Installing Ubuntu on a phone

Ubuntu 13.10 Saucy Salamander released with a new smartphone experiance . just try it out if you have a an androind smartphone

Instructions for flashing a phone or tablet device with Ubuntu.

After you install Ubuntu for phones, you will have the following functionality:

Shell and core applications
Connection to the GSM network on Galaxy Nexus and Nexus 4
Phone calls and SMS on Galaxy Nexus and Nexus 4
Networking via Wifi
Functional camera, front and back

Device accessible through the Android Developer Bridge tool (adb)

Now it suppports only for galaxy nexus and nexus 4 , anyway for the other phones too may be the same , we are checking with each phones ,and as no other applications are not yet available in the store

Flashing the device

1. Desktop setup

The following steps are required on your desktop system in order to flash and communicate with the device.

Setup the Ubuntu for phones tools PPA

The PPA has the tools and dependencies to support 12.04 LTS, 12.10, 13.04 and 13.10. Add the Ubuntu for phones PPA by adding the following custom source list entry to your/etc/apt/sources.list file.

On your computer, press Ctrl+Alt+T to start a terminal.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:phablet-team/tools

Then do the following:

sudo apt-get update 
sudo apt-get install phablet-tools android-tools-adb android-tools-fastboot

3.Device unlock


If the device is already unlocked, skip to Step 4. These steps will wipe all personal data from the device.

With the device powered off, power on the device by holding the power button + volume up + volume down.
The device will boot into the bootloader.
Plug the device into the computer via the USB cable.
On your computer, in a terminal, run sudo fastboot oem unlock, on the device screen, accept the terms of unlocking.
Boot the device by pressing the power button (pointed by an arrow with Start on the screen).

Device factory reset


If you get stuck in a bootloop rebooting the device after unlocking the bootloader, here is what you do:

During the bootloop hold the power button + volume up + volume down button simultaneously to get yourself back into fastboot mode or download mode as you were previously.
In fastboot mode or downlaod mode, use the volume keys to scroll to Recovery and the power button to select it.
In Recovery (Android robot on his back with a red triangle), tap the volume up button and the power button simultaneously which will bring you into stock recovery. Don't hold the buttons, just tap them simultaneously.
Also make sure you're holding the correct volume button. Up will be the volume key on the right.
Once you're in Recovery, perform a factory reset/data wipe and then reboot your device, you should now be back to the Welcome Screen.

4.Initial device setup


Follow these initial steps on your device:

If not booted, boot the device into Android
Enable USB debugging on the device
On Ice Cream Sandwich (version 4.0) go to Settings and turn on USB Debugging (Settings > System > Developer options > USB debugging).
On Jelly Bean (versions 4.1 and 4.2) you need to enterSettings > About [Phone|Tablet] and tap the Build number 7 times to see the Developer Options.
On 4.2.2, (Settings > About) tap on build number 7 times to activate the developer options menu item).
On either Android version you must then enable USB debugging via Settings > Developer options > USB debugging. You will also need to accept a host key on the device.
On the workstation: adb kill-server; adb start-server




Plug the device into the computer via the USB cable.
Depending on the installed Android version, a popup will show up on the device with the host key that needs to be accepted for the device to communicate with the workstation.
Note, 'adb devices' should not show the device as 'offline'. If it does, unplug the device, run adb under sudo on the workstation (eg. sudo adb kill-server; sudo adb start-server), then plug the device back in.


Save the version of the current image on the device, if on Android, to use as a reference to revert back to. The version can be found by going to Settings > About Phone > Build Number.

5.Downloading and deploying image to device



To install Ubuntu for phones on your device, you will need to run the command:
phablet-flash ubuntu-system --no-backup

Please note, this will wipe the contents of the device so ensure you have made a backup.





This will deploy the latest build onto your device, after which your device will boot into the Ubuntu Unity shell. This step can take a very long time.

How to Hard Reset and Soft Reset Nokia Asha 501

If you are thinking of sending your phone for repair, check these easy steps first. They may fix the issue and save your time and effort.
Easy fix 1: Restart your phone

Switch your phone off and take the battery out. Wait a few seconds put the battery in and switch your phone on.

Easy fix 2 : Charge your phone

Charge the battery
1. Plug the charger to a wall outlet.

2. Connect the charger to the phone.

3. When the phone indicates a full charge, disconnect the charger from the phone then from the wall outlet.

If the battery is completely discharged it may take several minutes before the charging indicator is shown or before you can make any calls.

If the battery has not been used for a long time, to begin charging you may need to connect the charger then disconnect and reconnect it.

Easy fix 3: Restore to factory settings

Restore original settings: If your phone is not working properly you can reset some settings to their original values. This does not affect documents or files stored on your phone but we recommend you take a back-up before restoring to factory settings. See instructions in the user manual.

1. End all calls and connections.

2. Select: Menu > Settings and Restore factory sett. > Settings only.

3. Type in the security code.

After restoring the original settings your phone switches off and then on again. This may take longer than usual.

IF the above 3 doesnt work go for

1.- Basic Reset or Soft Reset Nokia Asha 501

This option restores the .ini files from the ROM.
Does not erase data (photos, videos, documents) or applications from a third party. Key Code *# 7780 # (click this combination of keys on the keyboard in the mobile)

2.- Total Reset or Hard Reset Nokia Asha 501

This option restores the original operating system from the ROM.
Formats the C: partition and deletes all data including the memory card. Key Code *#7370# (click this combination of keys on the keyboard in the mobile)

How to unlock Nokia Asha 501 by code ?

Unlocking Nokia Asha 501 by code is very easy, it is also safest and non-invasive method of unlocking your phone. To get code for unlock Nokia Asha 501 You need to provide IMEI number of Your Nokia. Type on keyboard *#06# or remove battery from Your Nokia Asha 501 to check IMEI number. IMEI is written on the information label as shown in this picture.

To unlock Nokia is required choosing network where phone was purchased. You need to also type correct IMEI of Your phone.
Selecting the correct network and the country is very important. By choosing wrong network You will risk receiving wrong unlock code.

How to enter code in Nokia Asha 501 ?

If we have blocked counter we need to enter code or reset counter using USB cable by program below

How to enter Unlock code RESET COUNTER to nokia using USB cable

Code #pw+123456789012345+1# type in the following way:
1. Turn on the phone without sim card
2. Select character # on the keypad
3. Characters p, w, + get by choosing few times STAR *
4. Press # button to approve code
5. Message "SIM restriction OFF" appears, Your phone is now unlocked

WARNING!!!
You have only 3 attempts to enter the code. The last failed attempt will block the counter.

Unlist Your Number From Truecaller

What is Truecaller?

The world’s largest collaborative phone directory to find people from all over the world through name and phone number lookup. Get the app for free to your Android, iPhone, Windows Phone, Blackberry and Nokia Symbian phone.

Access a list of users you may know through our social circle recommendations. This means you may know these users based on your own connections with other users whom you have in common.

If you don´t want your number to be searchable in the Truecaller app, then enter your phone number below including the country code and press “Unlist.” (i.e. +4690512214). You cannot resubmit your number to the directory.

1. Click here and go to TrueCaller Unlist Page.
2. Here Select your country.
3. Now put your number and captcha.
4. That's All, now you are successfully unlisted.
5. In future It will not list your phone number again.
6. Whole process will take 24hr so wait for that.

Reset Android Smartphone Pattern/Password/Pin lock

It sucks when you forget your passwords But Gmail account can save you. But what for those who don't have it?
There are some methods to reset them
Wiping data being most popular
But, why loosing precious data when there is a easier or easiest to do method

This is a new method found and tested by me on a rooted device but the resources it uses are available to be used without root too, so it may work on unrooted devices too.

This method uses Aroma File Manager by amarullz in Recovery Mode of the device to delete the password database related files. So, it should work on all devices!

So, first you need to download AROMA FILE MANAGER from here

Instructions:-

1. Download Aroma File Manager.
2. Place it in the root of your sdcard(Preferred)
3. Reboot into recovery
4. For CWM:

Mount all partitions (including sd-ext if you have it)

And flash Aroma File Manager from sdcard

For stock recovery(Samsung e3):

In stock recovery, there is no option to mount partitions, so

Flash Aroma File Manager, Click on menu option and go to settings

Select Mount All Partitions

Now, exit from Aroma File Manager and reflash it.

Now, you will see each partition is mounted

5. Now, go to /data/system

Note : If you have sd-ext mod to increase internal storage, go to /sd-ext/system/

6. Now, If you have to remove pattern lock, long press and delete gesture.key

If you want to remove password, delete password.key
7. Exit the Aroma File Manager
8. Reboot

If you are an inventor or budding inventor, you might be having lot of questions in your mind before marketing your invention, such as how to obtain patent for my invention ? Is my invention patentable? Can I file patent by myself? etc. There are certain basic guidelines are already known to the patent practitioners to help the inventors. This article will help the inventors and entrepreneurs.

you can file using efiling

https://ipindiaservices.gov.in/ePatentFiling/goForLogin/doLogin

with class 3 digital signature and any of the identification proof

The Patent System of India

Intellectual Property Rights:

Intellectual Property Rights are statutory rights once granted allows the creator(s) or owner(s) of the intellectual property to exclude others from exploiting the same commercially for a given period of time. It allows the creator(s)/owner(s) to have the benefits from their work when these are exploited commercially. IPR are granted to an inventor or creator, designer in lieu of the discloser of his/her knowledge.

Governing Laws in India for IPR as follows:

1. Patent Act 1970

2. Trade Marks Act (1958 original) 1999

3. The Copyright Act 1957

4. The design Act 2000

5. Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act 1999

6. Plant Variety and Farmers Right Protection Act 2001

What is an invention/innovation?

An invention means: a new product or process involving an inventive step and capable of industrial application.

An Innovation means: The successful exploitation of new ideas in the form of a useful machinery or process, by any person, using own intellect is called as innovation. Every innovation may not be patentable invention but every invention is an innovation.

All the inventions are the innovations and are patentable, but all the innovations are not the patentable inventions.

The Patent System

A patent is a contract between the inventor or applicant for the patent and the State, whereby the inventor or applicant gets a monopoly from the State for a certain period in return for disclosing full details of the invention. The patent system thus ensures that information on new inventions is made available for eventual public use so as to encourage technical and economic development and discourage secrecy.

If an inventor or company has an invention, which they consider to be novel and inventive, they may apply for a patent. This may be granted only after a detailed examination by a patent office. Once the patent is granted the inventor or applicant has the sole right to make, use or sell the invention for a limited period.

This period is usually twenty years.

There can also be confusion about what exactly can be protected by the patent system. Patents can only be applied to inventions. These usually have an industrial dimension. An invention is normally a new product, which involves a new principle of operation or an improvement to an old principle. Alternatively it may refer to a new or improved industrial process. Things, which do not involve manufacture, are not usually considered to be inventions. For example, a new scientific theory or a new surgical procedure would not be considered to be patentable for this reason.

Novelty and Inventiveness

In order to be suitable for patenting, an invention must be novel and inventive. An invention is considered to be novel if it has not been disclosed to the public at the time that the patent application was made. As long as the date of the patent application precedes any disclosure of details of the invention to the public, the invention can be validly patented. If however, details of the invention have been disclosed to the public before applying for a patent, then the invention is no longer

considered to be novel in a patenting sense and it will not be possible to protect it validly through the patent system.It is important to be aware of the danger of premature disclosure of details of an invention. Even after a patent application has been filed, details of the invention should only be disclosed as part of a planned programme of commercial exploitation.Another requirement for a valid patent is inventiveness. This means that the invention must contain an inventive step. This can be the most difficult thing to show. A patent examiner may decide that the invention is obvious i.e. that somebody knowledgeable in the subject area, when familiarised with all earlier patents or other technology in the area, would have immediately been led to the same conclusion.

Commercialization of Inventions

Many inventors feel that filing a patent application is the most important and first thing they must do once they have an idea. This is rarely the case. Patenting an invention is not the only consideration and rushing to file an application may actually be the wrong thing to do first.Patents are of no value unless the commercial worth of the product or technology can be demonstrated and exploited. Many patentable inventions have failed not because they didn't work, or because they had been invented before, but because the inventor was unable to exploit them commercially. Inventing is increasingly being seen as a business. You must invest in the business if you wish to make a

return, and management and marketing skills are every bit as important as technical skills. If the inventor does not have all the skills required, it may be necessary to put together a team or partnership to exploit the project or to license the invention to an existing company who already has related products. If one does successfully commercialise an invention however the rewards can be substantial. A number of successful companies' world over own patents, which protect them against, copied products home or imported. This is an important factor in present day international trade. Most other traditionally used barriers to trade are being removed in the interests of fair competition. Patents are one of the few mechanisms that companies can legally use to protect their market share.

Having foreign patents also allows Irish companies to protect their products in export markets.

Where a product is unsuitable for export because of distance, cost or other factors, a licensing strategy can be used. The Indian company can use the patents to license the manufacturing/marketing rights for their invention to a foreign manufacturer. In return they receive a royalty, which increases their profits. Licensing for both the home and export markets to Indian and/or foreign companies is also the appropriate strategy for inventions made by non-manufacturing companies or by universities and colleges.

To succeed, an inventor does not have to have a great deal of business or technical expertise. He/she must however adopt a businesslike approach to the project. The first thing is to realise that there are several stages in the inventive process. It is vital to realise what stage one is at and what one needs to do next.

The stages of development of a successful invention are:

•Identification of a problem that needs to be solved.

•Inventing a solution to the problem, which works.

•Developing a prototype or being able to demonstrate the invention to prove how it works.

•Filing a patent application to protect the invention so that it can be disclosed to other people.

•Arranging the manufacturing and marketing of the invention either through one's own company or through licensing.

•Each stage requires its own particular expertise and resources. It is essential that the early stages are satisfactorily completed before moving on. Experience shows that taking short cuts does not pay. For example, it is hard to get investors or potential licensees to appreciate the benefits of a particular invention if the prototype is very crude and does not work properly. Similarly there is little point in filing a patent application until one is satisfied that the invention can be shown to work. There can be some

overlap between the last two stages however. If it is possible to make some progress with manufacturing and marketing without compromising the patent position, then one should do this. As mentioned elsewhere, very often the later one files the patent application the better.

Disclosing an Invention

Details of an invention should not be disclosed to outsiders until such time as a patent application has been filed. However, many people make the mistake of filing patent applications too early. Because they are afraid that somebody else may invent the same thing, they file an application as quickly as possible without having any clear plan as to what they are going to do next. They then find that many

months pass before they are in a position to commercially exploit the invention, and they have not left enough time to obtain the necessary finance to cover international patent filings. In general, it is better to complete the development of the invention and file the patent application when it becomes necessary to make disclosures as part of a planned programme of commercial exploitation. If it is necessary to talk to technical specialists or others in order to obtain assistance during the development of the invention, this should be done on the basis of confidentiality. People should be informed that the information is strictly

confidential and asked to sign a simple document undertaking not to disclose the information until given permission to do so.

Adopting a proper commercialisation strategy involves considering all aspects at the same time, technical, commercial and legal. At the initial stages proper attention should be given to the technical aspects, but once the patent application is filed,the commercialisation should proceed as quickly as possible within the limited time scale provided by the patent system. Once an application has been filed in Ireland,applications in other countries must be made within twelve months if the best protection is to be obtained. As is explained below, an international patent programme can be a very expensive business. Funding for it from either private or public sources is unlikely to be obtained unless there are definite commercial plans for the invention which are well advanced. Setting up ones own manufacturing company or identifying potential licensees and reaching agreement with them can take time. A period of longer than twelve months is usually required to complete either of these activities. Thus if one has filed ones patent application too early one will inevitably run into financial difficulties in trying to keep it going

Another reason why it can be a mistake to file too early is that development of the invention may not be completed. Designs may change during development or other inventive features may be introduced. If the patent specification has been drafted too early it may not be possible to amend it to reflect the changes made. One can end up with a patent, which does not really cover the final commercial product.

Academic Research

People carrying out academic research are frequently under pressure to publish the results of their research for academic reasons. Researchers should, at all times, bear in mind the possibility of commercial results from their research. If a researcher sees a commercial application from his or her research, it would be wise to delay publication until a patent application has been filed.

Applying for a Patent

The first step that people usually take in applying for a patent is to file a preliminary application in one country. When the application is filed, the date of application is recorded and this is called the "priority date". The first application can be quite basic and does not have to include a set of claims (see below). It is still an important document and specialist advice from a patent agent should be obtained in preparing it.

Most countries are signatories to an international convention, which guarantees that the priority date of an invention filed in one country will be respected in other countries, provided an application is filed in the other countries within twelve months of the date of filing the first application. This is why the first document filed can be very important later.

The system of filing an application in one country initially can be of great benefit to inventors provided they have timed it correctly. It allows up to twelve months before foreign applications must be filed. During this time the inventor can assess the commercial prospects of the invention, carry out improvements on it, and arrange the necessary finance for international patenting and commercial exploitation through manufacture and sale. This period is also used to assess the market potential for the invention in various countries and to decide in which countries the expense of patenting is justified. Note though the comments earlier about the dangers of underestimating the time it takes to do these things and the dangers of filing too early

Patent Specifications

The patent system is complex, and great skill is required in reducing the principle of an invention to words, which will have legal effect. Patent agents have detailed knowledge of the complex procedures in the various foreign patent systems and work with other patent agents throughout the world to obtain patent protection for an invention in different countries

A patent specification is written in a certain format, which may not be immediately obvious to the casual reader. The specification usually contains a preamble, which describes the background to the invention. Then comes a statement of invention, which is a legal statement of the scope of the onopoly sought. This is followed by a detailed description of the invention, usually drawings or examples of how the invention is carried out. The final part of the specification includes a set of claims.These are not normally required in the preliminary application but are a vital part of the final document. A claim in this sense has nothing to do with the conventional use of the word, and does not relate to the advantages or performance of the invention.A patent claim is where the patent agent sets out the scope or extent of the monopoly, which he claims on behalf of the inventor. In other words, one is claiming a territory of technology within which other people may not stray without infringing the patent. The scope of the patent is very important. One can imagine that a patent for a completely new type of engine would have a very broad scope whereas a patent for an improvement in one component of that engine might be quite limited in scope.

Examination

When patent specifications have been filed in the various countries the patent examiners in those countries examine them. These examiners carry out a search through previous patent specifications and other literature in order to ascertain if the invention is novel. They also look at the question of inventiveness in relation to the "prior art". As a result of the patent search, an examiner may feel that certain features of the invention have already been disclosed in previous specifications. correspondence then ensues between the patent examiner and the patent agent until the examiner is satisfied that the claims for the patent are allowable. This can often mean an amendment or narrowing of the scope of the patent claims until the Patent Office in question is satisfied that it does not overlap the "territory of technology" claimed by previous inventors. This stage of the patenting procedure is called "prosecution" and can involve the inventor or applicant in considerable expense depending on the amount of work required to be done by the patent agent. As part of the patent examination procedure, the specification filed by the applicant is published, usually eighteen months after the priority date. The Patent Office also publishes a list of previous patents, which were found to be of

relevance in the patent search. Thus, even if an inventor has not disclosed the invention in any way up to this point, the patent system itself will make a disclosure and destroy its novelty at this time. It is for this reason that inventions once disclosed cannot be the subject of subsequent patent applications either by the inventor or by anybody else.

When the Patent Office has satisfied itself concerning the scope of the claims,which are to be granted, notice of allowance of the patent will be issued and the patent will be granted. In some countries (not in Ireland) there is a period however during which interested parties may oppose the granting of the patent by lodging their grounds for opposition with the Patent Office. If no one is successful in opposing the grant of the patent, the Letters Patent Document is issued and the patent comes into force.

Infringement

If anybody attempts to make, use, or sell an invention, which is covered by a patent which is in force in a certain country, he or she may be sued in that country for infringement by the patentee. If infringement is proved, damages may be awarded to the owner of the patent. Patent litigation is notoriously expensive, and is not entered into lightly. The greater the commercial potential of an invention, the higher is the chance that the patent will be infringed or contested. The fact that a patent is granted does not automatically mean that the inventor is given full protection. A granted patent can in certain circumstances be invalid because certain information did not come to the attention of the patent examiner during the course of the examination. This could show, for example, that the invention was not in fact novel. A court decision may ultimately be needed before the inventorfinds out whether he is protected or not

SERVFORU